Multimedia
Security Technologies for Digital Rights Management
(ISBN: 0-12-369476-0, Elsevier, July 2006)
Edited by Wenjun Zeng, Heather Yu, and Ching-Yung Lin
Table of Contents
Preface
Part A Overview
Chapter 1 Introduction 每 Digital Rights Management
Scott Moskowitz,
Blue Spike, Inc.
1.1
PROPERTY AND VALUE
1.2
※ORIGINAL WORK§
1.3
LOOKING BACK AT THE COPYRIGHT ACT
OF 1976
1.4
COMMUNICATION THEORY〞WHO SCREAMS
LOUDEST?
1.5
CRYPTOGRAPHY〞MUCH TO DO
1.6
DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT〞WRAPPING
AND EMBEDDING
1.7
NOW, THE FUTURE
Chapter 2 Digital Rights Management Systems
Marina
Bosi, MPEG-LA, LLC
2.1
INTRODUCTION 每 WHAT IS DIGITAL
RIGHTS MANAGEMENT?
2.2
THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A DRM SYSTEM
2.3
EXAMPLE: THE DVD CONTENT SCRAMBLING
SYSTEM
2.4
EXAMPLE: THE OPEN
2.5
THE MPEG LA® DRM REFERENCE MODEL
2.6
MAPPING AN APPLICATION ONTO THE
MPEG LA® DRM RM
2.7
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 3 Putting Digital Rights Management in Context
Leonardo
Chiariglione, Digital Media Project
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Value-chains
3.3
Digital technologies
3.4
Working with digital media
3.5
Digital Rights Management
3.6
Making DRM interoperable
3.7
The DMP results so far
3.8
The DMP specifications Phase I
3.9
Beyond technical specifications
3.10
Adapting to the new environment
3.11
Interoperable DRM Platform, Phase II
3.12
Conclusions
Part B Fundamentals of Multimedia Security
Chapter 4 Multimedia Encryption
Bin
B. Zhu, Microsoft Research
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2
FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN ENCRYPTION
4.2.1
Cryptosystems
4.2.2
Block and
Stream Ciphers, Modes of Operation
4.2.3
Cryptanalysis
4.3
THE MULTIMEDIA ENCRYPTION PARADIGM
4.3.1
Desirable
Features and Requirements of Multimedia Encryption
4.3.2 Security of Multimedia Cryptosystems
4.3.3 Attacks on Multimedia Encryption
4.4 MULTIMEDIA ENCRYPTION SCHEMES
4.4.1 Full Encryption
4.4.2 Selective Encryption
4.4.3 Joint Compression and Encryption
4.4.4 Syntax-Compliant Encryption
4.4.5 Scalable Encryption and Multi-Access Encryption
4.5 CONCLUSION
Chapter 5 Multimedia Authentication
Dajun
He and Qibin Sun, Institute for Infocomm Research
5.1
INTRODUCTION
5.1.1
Basic
concepts in data authentication
5.1.2
Multimedia
authentication
5.1.3
Watermarking-based
multimedia authentication
5.2
IMAGE AUTHENTICATION
5.2.1
Direct
feature
5.2.2
Hash digest
5.3
VIDEO AUTHENTICATION
5.3.1
Frame-based
video authentication
5.3.2
Object-based
video authentication
5.4
AUDIO AUTHENTICATION
5.5
SUMMARY
Chapter 6 Key Management for Multimedia
Access and Distribution
Amhed M. Eskicioglu, City
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 SECURITY OF MULTIMEDIA IN
DISTRIBUTION
6.2.1 Conditional Access (CA) Systems
for Satellite, Cable, and Terrestrial Distribution
6.2.2 Broadcast Flag
6.2.3 DRM Systems for Internet
Distribution
6.2.4 Copy Protection (CP) Systems in
Digital Home Networks
6.2.5 CableCARD
Copy Protection
6.3 SUMMARY OF CA, DRM, AND CP SYSTEMS
Chapter 7 An Overview of Digital
Watermarking
N.
Liu, P. Amin, A. Ambalavanan
and K.P. Subbalakshmi, Stevens Institute of Technology
7.1
INTRODUCTION
7.2
CLASSIFICATION OF WATERMARKING
SCHEMES
7.3
TOOLS AND MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND
7.3.1
Information
Theory
7.3.2
Quantization
7.3.3
Frequency
Domain Processing: Transforms
7.4
DATA HIDING WITH SIDE INFORMATION
7.4.1 Information
Theoretic Analysis of Blind Data Hiding
7.4.2
Classi¯cation of Blind Data Hiding
7.5
QUANTIZATION BASED DATA HIDING
7.5.1
Basic
Quantization based Data Hiding Scheme
7.5.2
Distortion
Compensation
7.5.3
Adaptive
embedding
7.6
LOSSLESS WATERMARKING
7.7
FREQUENCY DOMAIN WATERMARKING
7.7.1
Comparison
Based Watermarking
7.7.2
Spread
Spectrum Based Watermarking
7.8
SECURITY AND ROBUSTNESS
7.9
SUMMARY
Chapter 8 Biometrics in Digital Rights Management
Anil Jain and
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 BIOMETRICS
8.2.1 Basic Characteristics
8.2.2 Fingerprint-based Biometric System
8.2.3 Biometric Trait Variability
8.2.4 Biometric System Performance
8.3 INTEGRATING
BIOMETRICS with DRM SYSTEMS
8.3.1 Securing the Multimedia Delivery
8.3.2 Securing the Multimedia Player
8.3.3 Securing the Multimedia Content
8.4 CONCLUSIONS
Part C Advanced Topics
Chapter 9 Format Compliant Content Protection
Wenjun
Zeng,
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Security Architectures for Content
Protection
9.2.1
Placement
of security functions
9.2.2
Link-by-link
security architecture
9.2.3
Point-to-point
security architecture
9.2.4
End-to-end
media security architecture
9.3
Rationales for Format Compliant
Content Protection
9.4
Format Compliant Content Encryption
9.4.1
Integrated
encryption and compression
9.4.2
Format
compliant selective encryption/scrambling
9.5
Format-Agnostic Content Protection
9.5.1
Robust
digital watermarking
9.5.2
Content
based media authentication
9.6
Semi-Format-Compliant Content
Protection
9.7
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Secure Media Streaming and Secure Transcoding
John
G. Apostolopoulos
& Susie Wee, HP Labs
10.1
INTRODUCTION
10.1.1
Secure Media
Streaming from Sender to Receiver
10.1.2
Secure Transcoding at a Mid-Network Node
10.1.3
Secure Adaptive
Streaming at an Untrustworthy Sender
10.1.4
Chapter Outline
10.2
SECURE STREAMING AND SECURE TRANSCODING
FOR SCALABLE CODERS
10.2.1
Basic Overview of
Secure Scalable Streaming
10.2.2
Secure Scalable
Packets
10.2.3
Secure Transcoding
10.2.4
R-D Optimized
Streaming and Transcoding
10.2.5
Granularity:
Layer vs. Packet vs. Truncated Packet
10.2.6
Security Services
and Associated Protection Methods
10.2.7
Summary
10.3
SECURE STREAMING AND ADAPTATION FOR
NON-SCALABLE CODERS
10.3.1
Scaling of
Non-scalable H.264 Video: Not all P-frames are Equal
10.3.2
R-D Optimized
Processing of P-frames
10.3.3
Secure Adaptive
Streaming using a Secure-Media Rate-Distortion Hint Track
10.3.4
Secure
Rate-Adaptive Streaming using SM-RDHT
10.3.5
Secure Transcoding at Mid-network Node using Secure Scalable
Packets
10.3.6
Summary
10.4
SECURE MEDIA SYSTEMS
10.4.1
Basic Design
Principles
10.4.2
Secure Imaging:
JPEG-2000 Security (JPSEC) standard
10.4.3
General
Application to Speech, Audio, Image, Video, and Graphics
10.5
SUMMARY
Chapter 11 Scalable Encryption and Multi-access Control
for Multimedia
Bin
B. Zhu, Microsoft Research
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 SCALABLE CODING
11.2.1 MPEG-4 Fine
Granularity Scalability Video Coding
11.2.2 JPEG 2000 Image
Coding
11.3 SCALABLE ENCRYPTION
11.3.1 Scalable
Encryption for JPEG 2000
11.3.2 Scalable
Encryption for MPEG-4 FGS
11.4 MULTI-ACCESS ENCRYPTION AND KEY SCHEMES
11.4.1 Multi-Access
Encryption
11.4.2 Key Schemes for
Multi-Access Encryption
11.5 CONCLUSION
Chapter 12 Broadcast Encryption
Jeff
Lotspiech, IBM Research
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Public-key Cryptography Versus Broadcast
Encryption
12.3
A Tutorial Example
12.4
Some Practical Systems
12.4.1
Content
Protection for Recordable Media
12.4.2
Logical Key
Hierarchy
12.4.3
Subset-Difference
and the Advanced Access Content System
12.4.4
Tracing the
Device Keys---the Forensic Media Key Block
12.5
Some Extensions to Broadcast Encryption
12.5.1
``Public''
Broadcast Encryption
12.5.2
Two-way Broadcast Encryption
12.6
Conclusion
Chapter 13 Practical ※Traitor Tracing§
Hongxia
Jin and Jeff Lotspiech, IBM Research
13.1
INTRODUCTION
13.2
PROBLEM: OVERHEAD
13.3
PROBLEM: INEFFICIENT TRACING
13.4
PROBLEM: REDUCE THE NUMBER OF KEYS STORED
IN THE DEVICE
13.5
PROBLEM: LACK OF FLEXIBILITY
13.6
PROBLEM: TRACING TO MODELS INSTEAD OF TO
INDIVIDUAL DEVICES
13.7
PROBLEM: EVIL MANUFACTURERS
13.8
PROBLEM: WHAT TO DO AFTER YOU TRACE
13.9
PROBLEM: WHEN TO APPLY THE TRACING
TECHNOLOGY
13.10
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 14 Steganalysis
Jessica
Fridrich, (SUNY)
14.1
Basic concepts
14.2
Steganography 每
historical perspective
14.3
Targeted steganalysis
14.3.1
Chi-square attack
14.3.2
Steganalysis of LSB embedding
14.3.3
Attacking the F5
algorithm
14.4
Blind steganalysis
14.4.1
Farid＊s universal blind detector
14.4.2
DCT features for
blind JPEG steganalysi
14.4.3
Blind steganalysis in the spatial domain
14.5
The future
Chapter 15 Passive-Blind Image Forensics
Tian-Tsong
Ng, Columbia Univ., Shih-Fu Chang, Columbia Univ., Ching-Yung Lin, IBM Research,
Qibin Sun, Institute for Infocomm Research
15.1
INTRODUCTION
15.2
OVERVIEW OF PBIF
15.2.1
The History of
Image Forgery Creation
15.2.2
Image Forgery
Creation in Modern Time
15.3
FORGERY DETECTION AND SOURCE
IDENTIFICATION
15.3.1
Passive-blind
Image Forgery Detection
15.3.2
Passive-blind
Image Forgery Detection Techniques
15.3.3
Passive-blind
Image Source Identification
15.3.4
Passive-blind
Image Source Identification Techniques
15.4
CHALLENGES AND RESOURCES FOR PBIF
15.4.1
Image Modeling
and Parameter Estimation
15.4.2
Knowledge of
Image Forgery Creation
15.4.3
Full Automation
and Fine-grained Analysis
15.4.4
Dataset
15.4.5
Security Measure
15.5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Chapter 16 Security in Digital Cinema
Jeffrey
Bloom, Thomson
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Digital Cinema Standardization Efforts
16.2.1 SMPTE DC28
16.2.2 NIST
16.2.3 DCI
16.3 Goals of the Digital Cinema Security
System
16.4 Tools of Digital Cinema Content Security
16.4.1 Conditional
Access
16.4.2 Key Management
16.4.3 Digital Rights
Management
16.4.4 Link Encryption
16.4.5 Physical Security
16.4.6 Camcorder Jamming
16.4.7 Forensic Tracking
16.5 DCI Digital Cinema Specification
16.5.1 Some Non-Security
Specifications
16.5.2 Transport
Encryption
16.5.3 Key Transport
16.5.4 Security Manager
16.5.5 Physical Security
16.5.6 Link Encryption
16.5.7 Forensics:
Logging
16.5.8 Forensics:
Watermarking
16.5.9 Image Media Block
16.5.10 Example
16.6 Summary
Part D Standards and Legal Issues
Chapter 17 DRM Standard Activities
Xin
Wang, Content Guard,
Zhongyang Huang and Shengmei
Shen, Panasonic
17.1
INTRODUCTION
17.2
MOVING PICTURE EXPERT GROUP (MPEG)
17.2.1
The Need for a
Flexible and Interoperable MPEG IPMP Framework
17.2.2
IPMP Extension
Architectures for MPEG-4/2
17.2.3
Features of the
IPMP Extension Architecture
17.2.4
MPEG-21 IPMP Components
17.2.5
MPEG-21 REL
17.3
OPEN
17.3.1
OMA DRM V1.0
17.3.2
OMA DRM V2.0
17.4
CORAL
17.5
DIGITAL MEDIA PROJECT (DMP)
17.6
INTERNET STREAMING MEDIA
17.7
ADVANCED ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM (AACS)
17.8
LIST OF DRM STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS AND
CONSORTIUMS
Chapter 18 The Digital
Millennium Copyright Act
Greg
Stobbs, Harness, Dickey and Pierce, P.L.C.
18.1 Digital Media and Six Toed Cats
18.2 Special Interest Groups, a Treaty and the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act is Born
18.3 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act In a Nutshell
18.4 Circumventing a Technological Measure 每 a
DMCA Violation of the First Kind
18.5 Overseeing the Process shall be two
Competing Government Agencies
18.6 Loopholes only a Lawyer Could Love
18.7 A Collection of Safety Valves
18.8 A Chilling Effect upon Reverse
Engineering
18.9 Removing Copyright Management Information
每 a DMCA Violation of the Second Kind
18.10 More Loopholes
18.11 Conclusion 每 The Six-Toed Cats are Probably
Winning